Competition between π-π and NH···π Interactions in Pyrrole + -Benzene and Pyrrole + -Toluene Radical Cations Revealed by IR Spectroscopy

W4415653230 · 수집 2026-10-04 18:16:49

T11878 Solid-state spectroscopy and crystallography

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The charge resonance (CR) interaction is among the strongest intermolecular forces in aromatic dimer cations (∼100 kJ mol-1). Its strength strongly depends on the ionization energy differences of the two interacting aromatic units (ΔIE). Therefore, it is the strongest in homodimers (A2+) and forms π-stacked sandwich structures, like in the pyrrole dimer cation (Py2+). In heterodimers (ΔIE ≠ 0), the CR is weakened, allowing other noncovalent forces, such as cation-π interactions, to compete in strength. Herein, we investigate the binding motifs of the pyrrole+-benzene (Py+Bz) and pyrrole+-toluene (Py+Tol) heterodimers, with ΔIE = 1.04 and 0.62 eV, respectively. The NH stretch vibrations (νNH) of mass-selected bare and colder Ar-tagged clusters of Py+Bz and Py+Tol, recorded by infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and analyzed using dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations, provide detailed insight into the preferred binding motifs and their relative strengths. For both dimers, NH···π hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) dominates over the CR interaction, favoring T-shaped geometries over π-stacked structures because their large ΔIE values prevent the formation of a strong CR between the two π-systems. The systematic redshifts of νNH are correlated with the NH···π H-bond strength in Py+Bz and Py+Tol and thus enable quantitative evaluation of such cation-π interaction energies. A minor population of less stable π-stacked isomers is observed for both Py+Bz and Py+Tol. Local energy decomposition analysis reveals that the π-stacked structures are not stabilized by a strong CR but rather by weaker π-π stacking interactions governed by electrostatic, induction, and dispersion forces.

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Competition between π-π and NH···π Interactions in Pyrrole <sup>+</sup> -Benzene and Pyrrole <sup>+</sup> -Toluene Radical Cations Revealed by IR Spectroscopy

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