Study of Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene and Low Density Polyethylene Composite Material

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ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY

An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal

www.orientjchem.org

ISSN: 0970-020 X
CODEN: OJCHEG
2016, Vol. 32, No. (1):
Pg. 455-461

# Study of Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene and Low Density Polyethylene Composite Material

S. Parmjit, VIPAN K SOHPAL * and RAJESH K SHARMA

PG Research Scholar, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab India.

*Corresponding author E-mail: vipan752002@gmail.com

http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/320151

(Received: January 25, 2016; Accepted: February 23, 2016)

ABSTRACT

The goal of this research paper is preparation and characterization of the mechanical and
thermal properties of polypropylene (PP) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) base polymer
that blend filled with talc and magnesium carbonates.

Key words: Polypropylene, Low density polyethylene, Magnesium carbonate,

Talc, Thermo-mechanical properties.

INTRODUCTION

From ancient periods, the quest for new
materials has been developed. PP applications
are very useful in engineering materials for the
automotive, electrical appliances and packaging
manufacturing due to its excellent properties such
as rigidity and stiffness. Oil resistance and thermal
stability is usually confined due to its low impact
strength and Young’s modulus, particularly at low
and high-temperature loading conditions. These
PP impediments can be considerably enhanced
by blending PP with other polymers. LLDPE is
also similar polymer like PP. It is commonly used in
automotive and packaging industries. The blending
of two or more polymers is a cheaper and more

efficient option, not only for the development of
polymers with new properties but also for recycling
of materials. It is possible to achieve improvement
in properties such as modulus, yield stress, and
tensile strength by an appropriate combination of
polymer components. PP and LLDPE are deemed
to be compatible in the liquid state.

PVC and ENR blend prepared using
Brabender plasticorder by the melt flow behavior of
ENR decreases the Brabender torque, increases
the melt flow index (MFI), and decreases the
melt viscosity of PVC in the blends 1 . Species of
wood flour added with PP and one or two broad
particle-size distributions. On increasing wood
flour content, flexural and tensile modulus, density,

456 PARAMJIT _et al._, _Orient. J. Chem.,_ Vol. 32 (1), 455-461 (2016)

heat deflection temperature, and notched impact
energy increased, and some of the properties are
decreased 2 .Viscoelastic properties of a 60/70
penetration grade bitumen improved. Stability tests
performed combining oscillatory flow and microscopy
results disclose that blends with the higher polymer
proportion (3%) are susceptible of phase separation
after 24 hr of storage at 165°C, but 1% blends are
stable for at least 4 days. A general evaluation of the
results indicates that the performance of this bitumen
as a binder for road pavement is particularly improved
when 1% of recycled EVA or virgin EVA is added 3 .

The influence of long-chain branching
on the foaming behavior of polypropylene (PP)
is investigated. Different branching contents are
achieved by blending a linear PP (L-PP) and a longchain branched PP (LCB-PP), it improve the optimal
foaming process of PPs with a chemical blowing
agent, and that additions of the linear material up to
50 wt% to the LCB-PP 4 .

Thermal, mechanical and fire retardant
properties of silane cross linked extra low-density
polyethylene (XLPE) containing ethylene-vinyl
acetate (EVA) copolymer using incorporation of
EVA into XLPE gel content increased and curing
time decreased. Mechanical properties of XLPE/

EVA blends improve by increasing EVA content
up to 15 wt% 5 . Study the isotactic polypropylene
and ethylene vinyl acetate blends prepared with
five different talc concentrations, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15
wt%, with addition to i-PP/EVA (88/12) to produce
ternary composites and find the different mechanical
properties those are effected by heat treatments 6 .
Prepared composite panels using virgin and recycled
high-density polyethylene (VHDPE and RHDPE)
and synthesize five types of natural fibers by melt
compounding and compression molding. Fiber
characteristics and the influences of fiber type and
loading rate on HDPE crystallization behavior and
composite mechanical properties were investigated

7. Evaluated the effect different filled cross linked
thermoplastic elastomers of styrene butadiene
rubber (SBR)/high density polyethylene blends
(HDPE) blends and prepared using silica, HAFcarbon black, china clay and TiO2. The reinforcement
ability of the filler was increased in the order of
silica>HAF-black>clay> TiO2 8 . Investigated the effect
of prepared rice husks filled SBR/LLDPE (50/50)
blends with a compatibilizer, maleic anhydride (MAH)
using a Brabender plasticorder. Increasing MAH
concentrations in SBR/LLDPE blends resulted in an
increase in the tensile strength, elongation at break
and hardness 9 .

Table 1: Composite samples and their corresponding chemical

compositions

Sample No. PP (Wt %) LLDPE (Wt %) Talc (Wt %) MgCO3 (Wt %)

A 70 30    -    B 60 20 20    C 60 20    - 20
D 40 20 20 20
E 60 20 10 10

Table 2: Thermo-Mechanical Properties of PP/LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3 composition

Sample A B C D E

HDT ( o C) 119.6 108.6 113.1 112.2 121.6
Impact resistance (KJ/m 2 ) 1.181 2.804 2.120 1.648 2.623
Charpy Impact resistance (KJ/m 2 ) 1.190 2.872 1.817 1.590 1.842
Tensile strength (Kgf/cm 2 ) 68.07 79.98 68.37 32.75 57.75
Hardness 57.6 70.7 61.4 50.7 69.3

PARAMJIT _et al._, _Orient. J. Chem.,_ Vol. 32 (1), 455-461 (2016) 457

Synthesize the equal amount of PP/LLDPE
and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene blend
systems. The SEM and DSC results of the PP/LLDPE/
WP blend composites showed that WP located itself
more in the LLDPE phase. The TGA results show
that the MAPP/LLDPE blend and composites are
more thermally stable than the PP/LLDPE blend and
composites 10 . Focused on the investigation of the
changes on thermal, mechanical and morphological
properties of PP-LDPE/DAP (90/10 /0.06 wt. %)
blend and PP-LDPE/DAP (90/10 /0.0 wt. %) blend
when different ratios. With increase in temperature
up to 150 O C the observation of TG/DTG/DTA curves
revealed that the thermal stabilities of composites
increased usually by increasing amounts of CaCO3
and the blends are incompatible 11 .Evaluated the
melt blending of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)
with polyolefin’s (PO’s) which reduced the cost and
improve mechanical and chemical properties. In
addition to that it gives excellent performance in all
aspects 12 . In this research work, impact strength of
untreated, alkali treated, potassium permanganate
treated, benzoyl chloride treated and acrylic acid
treated increased with increase in fiber loading up
to 60% and then showed a decline for all untreated
and chemically treated areca fiber reinforced epoxy
composites 13 .

Talc addition with PP improves the
mechanical properties (stiffness, flexural strength,
modulus etc) and heat deflection temperature. In this
study, the improvements of mechanical properties
have shown with increasing suitable percentage (by
weight) of talc for new applications 14 . and cellulose
acetate/Fe 2TiO 5 nanocomposites have been
synthesized successfully. Nanocomposites indicate a
ferromagnetic paramagnetic behavior, as evidenced
by using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at
room temperature 15 . A mononuclear complex of

[has been prepared by the reaction of 1-thenoyl-4,
4, 4-trifluoroacetone in a 2:1 molar ratio. ThermoGravimetric (TG) studies of 3 - 6 show a great
thermal stability up to 400 ºC for polymers, wherein
the nickel oxide is formed at higher temperature 16 .
Experimental studied 17 for formulations of PP and
LLDPE viz. 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50
wt % were prepared for injection moulding machine.
From the work they concluded that It optimum
composition of PP/LLDPE blends provided the best

mechanical, thermal properties and a moderate
rheological property is 70/30. Investigated the effect
of incorporation of talc and calcium carbonate PP/
LDPE blend that led to increase the hardness,
MFI and melt density while decreased the impact
resistance of blend. The results help to fix the
optimum composition of (PP/LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3)
wt% at which blend will show excellent thermomechanical properties 18 .

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

The preparation and characterization of
Thermo-mechanical properties of polymer composite
consist of number of sequential steps, which are as
follow:

- Polymer pallets (PP-LLDPE) will be crushed
in the powdered form using pulverizer.

- Talcum powder and Magnesium carbonate
(powder form) along with PP-LLDPE (powder
form) will be mixed uniformly in desired
proportion using an agitator.

- This raw material will be fed in Compression
Molding Machine (minimum 3Kg) at 250°C
temperature and 50 bar pressure.

- The final product will be in the form of sheets
which will be cooled at room temperature and
then will be used further for various thermal
and mechanical tests.

In this experimental study, five different
talc and magnesium carbonate concentrations were
added to PP/LLDPE (70/30) to produce composites
make up a total of 3kg. The raw material was first
crushed into fine powder form using pulverizer. Talc
and MgCO3 were provided already in fine powder
form by LOBA CHEMIE Pvt. Ltd. LLDPE and PP
were in granules forms. PP and LLDPE were crushed
separately in the pulverizer. Then the powder form
PP/LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3 were mixed uniformly using
an agitator. This prepared sample (3Kg) was then
fed into compression molding. The machine was pre
heated to 250°C. Then the upper plate was made
to apply pressure of 50 bars on mould, and finally
sheets were taken out. It took 03hrs to prepare a
single sheet. The processed samples were allowed
to cool at room temperature for 48 hours and 50 ± 5
% humidity. Then different mechanical and thermal
tests were carried out. PP/LLDPE filled with talc and

458 PARAMJIT _et al._, _Orient. J. Chem.,_ Vol. 32 (1), 455-461 (2016)

magnesium carbonate to produce PP/LLDPE/Talc/
MgCO3 composite is shown in table 1 and prepared
sample are enlisted in figure 1-5

Analytical Standardization (ASTM)
The thermal properties of the blends were
evaluating through heat deflection temperature
(HDT) test. The test was carried out on a Ceast
tester machine according to the ASTM D648. The
tests specimens were molded in a size of 12.7 mm

Fig. 1: Composite Sheet of

PP/LLDPE 70/30 wt%

(width), 3.2 mm (thickness). Prior to the test all
specimens were kept at room temperature at least
48 h and 50 ± 5 % humidity. Izod impact strength
values of the blends were evaluated with a Resil
impact test instrument according to the ASTM D256
test procedure at room temperature. Izod impact tests
specimens were molded in a size of 12.7 mm (width),
3.2 mm (thickness) and notched width 10.20mm.
Prior to the test all specimens were kept at room
temperature at least 48 h and 50 ± 5 % humidity. Izod
impact strength values of the blends were evaluated
with a Resil impact test instrument according to the
ASTM D256 test procedure at room temperature.
Izod impact tests specimens were molded in a size
of 12.7 mm (width), 3.2 mm (thickness) and notched
width 10.20mm. Prior to the test all specimens were
kept at room temperature at least 48 h and 50 ± 5 %
humidity. The hardness test of the composition was
carried out on shore D testing machine according to
the ASTM D 2240 and ISO 868. The tensile strength
test of the blends was carried out on a universal
testing machine according to the ASTM D638. A
computer was connected to the load cell and data
acquisition program recorded the force measured by
the load cell. Test specimens were molded in a size
of 12.7 mm (width) and 3.2 mm (thickness). Prior to
the test all specimens were kept at room temperature
at least 48 h and 50 ± 5 % humidity.

Fig. 2: Composite Sheet of PP/LLDPE/Talc/

Fig. 3: Composite Sheet of PP/LLDPE/Talc/
MgCO3 60/20/10/10 wt %

MgCO3 60/20/20/0 wt %

PARAMJIT _et al._, _Orient. J. Chem.,_ Vol. 32 (1), 455-461 (2016) 459

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT)
The heat deflection temperature (HDT)
test is used to investigate the thermal properties
of PP/LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3 composition. It is the
temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample
deforms under a specified load. The HDT of PP/
LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3 compositions are shown in Table
2.

The heat deflection temperature of PP/
LLDPE blend without any filler was 119.6 0 C. Addition
of 20 wt% of talc to PP/LLDPE blend decreased the
heat deflection temperature to 108.6 0 C. Addition of
only 20 wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend increased
the HDT to 113.1 0 C. Addition of 20 wt % of talc and
20 wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend has decreased
the heat deflection temperature to 112.2 0 C. It is
clearly seen that the addition of 10 wt % of talc and
10 wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE has increased the
heat deflection temperature to 121.6 0 C. The increase
in heat deflection temperature of composite may
relate to the interaction between PP/LLDPE and Talc/
MgCO3 and this restrict the mobility and deformability
of PP/LLDPE, especially for lower contents. Table 2
indicates that the optimum composition percentage

Fig. 4: Composite Sheet of PP/LLDPE/Talc/

MgCO3 60/20/0/20 wt%

of PP/LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3 provides the best impact
strength temperature is (60/20/10/10) wt %.

Izod & Charpy Impact Strength
The Izod impact test is used to investigate
the mechanical properties of PP/LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3
composition. The impact properties of PP/LLDPE/
Talc/MgCO3 composition are summarized in Table
2. The impact strength of PP/LLDPE blend without
any filler was 1.181KJ/m 2 . It is clearly seen that
the addition of only 20 wt% of talc to PP/LLDPE
blend increased the impact resistance to highest
value of 2.804KJ/m 2 . Addition of only 20 wt% of
MgCO3 to blend decreased the impact resistance
to 2.120KJ/m 2 . The addition 20 wt % of talc and 20
wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend has decreased
the impact resistance to 1.648KJ/m 2 . It is clearly
seen that the addition of 10 wt % of talc and 10
wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend has increased
the impact resistance to 2.623KJ/m 2 . The increase
in impact resistance of composite may relate to the
interaction between PP/LLDPE and Talc/MgCO3 and
this restricts the mobility and deformability of the PP/
LLDPE, especially for lower contents.

The Charpy impact test is used to investigate
the mechanical properties of PP/LLDPE/Talc/

Fig. 5: Composite Sheet of PP/LLDPE/Talc/

MgCO3 40/20/20/20wt%

460 PARAMJIT _et al._, _Orient. J. Chem.,_ Vol. 32 (1), 455-461 (2016)

MgCO3 composition. The impact properties of PP/
LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3 composition are summarized in
Table 2. The impact resistance of PP/LLDPE blend
without any filler was 1.190KJ/m 2 . It is clearly seen
that the addition of only 20 wt% of talc to PP/LLDPE
blend increased the impact resistance to highest
value of 2.872 KJ/m 2 . Addition of only 20 wt% of
MgCO3 to blend decreased the impact resistance to
1.817KJ/m 2 . The addition of 20 wt % of talc and 20
wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend further decreased
the impact resistance to 1.590KJ/m 2 . It is clearly seen
that the addition of 10 wt % of talc and 10 wt% of
MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend increased the impact
resistance to 1.842KJ/m 2 .

Hardness and Tensile Strength
The hardness of PP/LLDPE blend without
any filler was 57.6. Addition of only 20 wt % talc has
increased the hardness to 70.7. Addition of only 20
wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend has decreased
the hardness to 61.4. Addition of 20 wt % of talc
and 20 wt % of MgCO3  to PP/LLDPE blend has
decreased hardness to lowest value of 50.7. But
it can also be seen that the addition of 10 wt% of
talc and 10 wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend has
increased the hardness to 69.3. The increase in
hardness of composite may relate to the interaction
between PP/LLDPE and talc/MgCO 3 and this
restricts the mobility and deformability of the PP/
LLDPE, especially for lower contents.

The tensile strength of PP/LLDPE blend
without any filler was 68.07 Kgf/cm 2 . It can also
be seen that the addition of only 20 wt % talc to
PP/LLDPE blend has increased the hardness to
highest value of 79.98 Kgf/cm 2 . It can also be seen
that the addition of 20 wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE

blend has decreased the tensile strength to 68.37
Kgf/cm 2 . Addition of 20 wt % of talc and 20 wt % of
MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE blend has decreased tensile
strength to lowest value of 32.75 Kgf/cm 2 . Addition of
10 wt% of talc and 10 wt% of MgCO3 to PP/LLDPE
has decreased the tensile strength to 57.75 Kgf/
cm 2 . The decrease in tensile strength of composite
may relate to the interaction between PP/LLDPE
and talc/MgCO3 and this restricts the mobility and
deformability of the PP/LLDPE, especially for lower
contents.

CONCLUSIONS

The compositions of PP/LLDPE (70/30)
with different percentage of talc and magnesium
carbonate fillers were prepared. The work obtained
incorporate talc and magnesium carbonate as fillers
on PP/LLDPE blend led to increasing the heat
deflection temperature (HDT), impact resistance,
and hardness. While decreased the tensile strength
of PP/LLDPE blend. It is inferred that the optimum
composition provided the good thermal properties
is PP/LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3 (60/20/10/10) wt%. It
is also concluded that the optimum composition
provided the good mechanical properties is PP/
LLDPE/Talc/MgCO3 (60/20/20/00) wt%. As filler
talc & magnesium carbonate enhanced the thermomechanical properties of PP/LLDPE blend but only
at lower wt. % of talc & magnesium carbonate.
Magnesium carbonate as a filler proved to be
costly, so it is not cost effective as talc. Also due to
the presence of carbonate ions it can shows rust
problems. On the other hand silica, alumina, titanium
dioxide can be used at the place of magnesium
carbonate which can increase thermo-mechanical
properties of PP/LLDPE in future.

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