The Influence of Relative Sliding Speeds on the Tribology Characteristic of the Steel-cast Iron Friction Pair in the Self-repairing Additive

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To find out the influence of different relative sliding speeds on frictional wear characteristics of 45# steelcast iron friction pair under the 46# machine oil that includes the self-repairing additive condition, MMU-5G endface friction and wear testing machine were used to do the experiment and then the surface images of friction pair and their chemical composition were detected by using S EM and EDS .Besides, the capability of generating self-repair coatings on the 45# steel friction surface were verified in the self-repairing additive.The result indicates different relative sliding speeds have a great influence on frictional wear characteristics of 45# steel-cast iron pair in the self-repairing additives.In conclusion, for the steel-cast iron friction pair in the self-repairing additive, the self-repair coatings are formed on the 45#steel worn surface with the load of 200N and the relative sliding speed of 0.553m/s, and the additive has remarkable effect on antifriction and wearing of cast iron.

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# The Influence of Relative Sliding Speeds on the Tribology Characteristic of the Steel-cast Iron Friction Pair in the Self-repairing Additive

Yanhong Yan
College of Mechanical Engineering 1,
Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on

Generic Technology of SelfLubricating Spherical Plain Bearing 2

Yanshan University
Qinhuangdao, China

yhyan@ysu.edu.cn

Yanhong Xia
College of Mechanical Engineering 1,
Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on

Generic Technology of Self-
Lubricating Spherical Plain Bearing 2

Yanshan University
Qinhuangdao, China
1249719003@qq.com

Abstract—To find out the influence of different relative
sliding speeds on frictional wear characteristics of 45# steelcast iron friction pair under the 46# machine oil that
includes the self-repairing additive condition, MMU-5G endface friction and wear testing machine were used to do the
experiment and then the surface images of friction pair and
their chemical composition were detected by using SEM and
EDS. Besides, the capability of generating self-repair
coatings on the 45# steel friction surface were verified in the
self-repairing additive. The result indicates different relative
sliding speeds have a great influence on frictional wear
characteristics of 45# steel-cast iron pair in the self-repairing
additives. In conclusion, for the steel-cast iron friction pair
in the self-repairing additive, the self-repair coatings are
formed on the 45#steel worn surface with the load of 200N
and the relative sliding speed of 0.553m/s, and the additive
has remarkable effect on antifriction and wearing of cast
iron.

_Keywords-Steel-cast Friction Pair; Self-repairing Additive;_
_Relative Sliding Speeds; Frictional Wear Characteristics;_
_Mechanism Analysis_

I. INTRODUCTION

Wear is one of the three main forms (wear, corrosion,
fatigue fracture) of material failure; it is a major reason
that reduces the efficiency and accuracy of machines,
indeed make the machines retirement.[1] Therefore, it is
particularly urgent and important to improve the existing
part‟s life and repair the worn parts to achieve saving
materials, reducing energy consumption and enhancing
economic efficiency.

Xiaoting Shi
College of Mechanical Engineering 1,
Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on

Generic Technology of Self-
Lubricating Spherical Plain Bearing 2

Yanshan University
Qinhuangdao, China

793365990@qq.com

Xuchao Chen
College of Mechanical Engineering 1,
Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on

Generic Technology of Self-
Lubricating Spherical Plain Bearing 2

Yanshan University
Qinhuangdao, China
1031253392@qq.com

Metal wear self-repairing technology uses mineral
powder lubricant composition, and the energy condition
provided by friction system prompts friction chemical,
electrochemical, mechanical-chemical and force chemical
reaction adequately between metal wear self-repairing
additive and the contact surface materials of friction pair,
in order to achieve the online self-repair on micro-worn
surface dynamically. In recent years, the metal selfrepairing additive has been studied more extensively [2-5].
From the experiment, it can be seen that hydroxide radical
magnesium silicate mineral powder additives do have good
self-repairing properties[6-8]. The frictional wear
characteristic of each friction pair in the self-repairing
additive has been studied more extensively, and great
progresses have been made on the research of analyzing
and discussing the self-repairing mechanism[9-12]. Metal
wear self-repairing technology has made remarkable
achievements in practical application, but as conditions
and mechanism of self-repairing coatings‟ conformation
have not been fully recognized, the promotion and
application of the technology is limited.

The relative sliding speed of friction pair has an
important influence on friction-generated heat, reaction
rate of friction chemical, wear rate, stress state of friction
pair. XU,Xiangjie, et al, studied the effect of sliding
velocity on the wear behavior of monocry stalline silicon
under various contact size by nanoscratch and servo
hydraulic dynamic test machine. It turns out that with the
increase in the sliding velocity, more cracks are initiated,
tinier wear debris is generated, and less wear volume is

observed. In addition they may not only help the
improvement of the nanofabrication technique of silicon,
but also optimize the tribological design of micro
electromechanical system[13]. LIN Fu-dong, et al,
conducted Friction and wear tests by using the HDM-20
tribometer under oil lubrication conditions to get the
effects of friction speed and load on its tribological
performance. The results show that the friction coefficient
decreases, the mass wear loss and the friction surface
temperature increase with the increase of friction speed
and load[14].

Due to the current researches in this field focus on the
steel - steel pairs, there are few study and related report
about the frictional wear characteristics of cast iron in selfrepairing additive. In view of this, the paper made a series
of studies on frictional wear characteristics of cast iron in
the home-made hydroxide silicate lubricant additive, and
this paper investigates influence and mechanism of
frictional wear characteristics of 45# steel-cast iron friction
pair under the 46# machine oil that includes the selfrepairing additive condition with different relative sliding
speeds.

II. TEST PART

_A._ _Self-repairing Additive_

The additive used in the test is hydroxide radical
magnesium silicate (serpentine), Equipment used is the
GN-2 high-energy globe mill. After milled, the size of
powder particle of additives is around 200nm.

_B._ _Tribology Experiment_

The experiments of tribology used MMU-5G screenending-face friction and wear test machine. The upper
specimen is ordinary cast iron (HT200); and the under
specimen is 45# steel. Self-repairing additive is 2%, at
room temperature, friction and wear experimental time is
24hours, and the additive is scattered for 20 min in 46#
mechanical oil by ultrasonic, lubricated with oil pool.
Before and after the experiment, all specimens should be
cleaned for 15 min by ultrasonic in the acetone solution.
After being dried in the atmosphere, the mass of the
specimen should be measured by the sensor electronic
scales whose precision is 0.1 mg. In the experiment, the
influence of the relative sliding speed on friction and wear
characteristics is studied with load of 200N. The worn
surface and cross-section of the specimen are observed by
the new field emission scanning electron microscopy
(SEM), the sample surface composition is tested by EDS.

III. TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

_A._ _The Influence of Friction and Wear Properties_

_1)_ _The impact of mass loss_
Fig. 1 shows the wear mass loss curve of the upper and
under samples with different relative sliding speeds. It can
be seen that, the relative sliding speed of the friction pair
impacts wear mass loss very observably. The variation of
the two curves is consistent, in the initial experiments, they
both increase with the rise of relative sliding speeds, when
reach the maximum value, they begin to decrease. The
upper sample curve reaches the maximum with the relative
sliding speeds of 0.276m / s, then wear mass decreased

significantly, and it is a negative value with the relative
sliding speeds of 0.691m/s, it indicates that there is an
increase in the quality of the specimen at this time; and the
under sample achieves the maximum when the relative
sliding speed is 0.139m / s, then wear mass declines slowly.

_2)_ _Influence of friction coefficient_
Fig. 2 shows the coefficient curve under different
relative sliding speeds conditions. variations of the friction
coefficient curves are consistent, all decline rapidly in the
initial experiment, and then stabilized. Therefore, the
friction coefficient is high when the relative sliding speed
is 0.139m / s, and under the other three working conditions,
the friction coefficients increase with relative sliding
speeds‟ rise. Experimental data shows that, stable friction
coefficients are as follows: the friction coefficient is 0.002
with speed of 0.139m / s; the friction coefficient is the
minimum, for 0.001, with speed of 0.276m / s; the friction
coefficient is 0.0015 with speed of 0.553m / s; the friction
coefficient is maximum, for 0.0025, with speed of 0.691m
/ s.

_3)_ _SEM observation of worn surface and EDS test_
Fig. 3 shows the SEM photographs of worn surface of
cast iron with different relative sliding speeds. With speed
of 0.139m / s, the sample surface has obvious scratches
and furrows, spalling occurs in many small areas; with
speed of 0.276m / s, the sample surface has a small amount
of minor scratches and a very small amount of furrows, no
peeling basically, there is clear smooth region; with speed
of 0.553m / s, there are fewer scratches and furrows, and
no obvious peeling in local area ; with speed of 0.691m / s,
the scratches are very serious, furrows are more deep, but
there are still no large areas of spalling.

0.0035

0.0030

0.0025

0.0020

0.0015

0.0010

0.0005

0.0000

-0.0005

1－ upper specimens
2－ under specimens

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

relative sliding speeds / m/s

Figure 1. Wear mass loss of samples in  different relative sliding speeds

conditions

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000

1 － =0.139m/s
2 － =0.276m/s
3 － =0.553m/s
4 － =0.691m/s

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

time /h

Figure 2. The curve of Friction coefficient under different relative

sliding speeds

Fig. 4 is the EDS photos of worn surface of cast iron
with and without additives. Experiments show that the two
energy spectra images are basically the same, but the
contents of C and O are slightly higher on the friction
surface under additives, after analysis, it is believed that C
and O come from the decomposition of lubricating oil and
Mg21Si12O28 (OH)34•H2O, which is the main component of
self-repairing additives. The specimen surface was not
found to have main component of repair materials, the Mg
and Si elements.

Studies have shown that friction modification layers or
self- repairing coatings can be generated on the friction
surface of the steel - steel friction pair under the metal selfrepairing additives conditions. This experimental result
shows that when 45# steel matches with cast iron, the selfrepairing coatings can still be generated on the friction
surface. Through observing SEM photographs of samples
with different speeds by scanning electron microscopy, it
can be seen that under certain operating conditions, there is
a thin layer of material that combines with substrate well
on the 45# steel substrate, as shown in Fig.5 (a). The
corresponding energy spectra (c) also displays that this
layer contains Mg and Si elements, they are included in the
main body of self-repairing additives, it shows a selfrepairing response occurs during the friction wear progress;
and comparing spectrum (b) and (d) of cast iron with Fig.
4 (a) under the same working conditions, there are no
external elements on the surface.

0.139m/s              0.276m/s

0.553m/s              0.691m/s

Figure 3. SEM photographs of worn surface of cast iron under different

relative sliding speeds conditions (for grinding 24h)

(a) 0% additive           (b) 2% additive

Figure 4. EDS images of surface of cast iron under different lubrication

conditions

_4)_ _Mechanism Analysis._
From analyzing the wear mass curves with different
sliding speeds (Fig. 1), it can be found that the mass loss of

the specimens is larger in the initial running; the reason is
that the original samples‟ surface is rough after line-cutting,
in the initial experiment, burr is worn away. from the
energy spectra of under sample (Fig. 6),it can be seen that
the surface of 45# steel has main elements of additives, it
indicates that repair materials particulate be squeezed into
the concaves and pores, the energy released by friction of
the steel and cast iron samples is enough to stimulate
friction chemical and electrochemical reaction, with
instantaneous high temperature and pressure generated in
the local contact area on friction surface, micro-sintering
and micro-metallurgical process occur, a layer of metalceramic repairing coating is formed on the surface of
friction pair, it expresses as the increases of quality.

Because graphite exists in cast iron as the lamellar
structure, so when the friction pair slides, the graphite on
the surface is a good solid lubricant, at the same time, it
can absorb and preserve oil, holes forms after graphite
falling off the metal substrate, and they can also save the
lubricant, and promote the formation of lubricant film,
thereby the wear of cast iron surface reduces, so the wear
quality of cast iron is bound to be less than 45# steel.

With lower relative sliding speeds, such as speed of
0.139m / s, speed of 0.276m / s, the contact surface of the
samples can not produce enough friction chemical reaction
activation energy, and thus can not promote to occur
friction chemical reaction which can generate selfrepairing coating. The increase of sliding speed is
conducive to generate oil film on the surface of friction
pair, and reduce wear degree, it is expressed that the wear
mass decreases at speed of 0.276m/s,and at the speed of
0.691m / s, the wear mass is higher,it can lead to friction
chemical reaction occur between the friction pairs, but
because the relative sliding speed between the friction
pairs is too high, self-repairing protective film may be
wear away soon after its formation, thus, the film is
difficult to survive; only with the appropriate relative
sliding speed of 0.553m / s, the self-repairing protective
film can be retained (as shown in Fig. 5 (a)).The relative
sliding speed of 0.139m / s is too low to make a lubricant
film generated on the surface, as the speed increasing, the
films on the friction surface are more and more continuous,
thus reduce friction and wear on the friction surface. If the
speed is too high, the formation of the oil film will be
destroyed, and that is the reason why friction coefficient is
the lowest with speed of 0.276m / s, but with speeds of
0.553m / s and 0.691m / s, friction coefficient increases
with the increase of the speed.

Generally, it is considered that the strength of cast iron
is lower than steel, its surface is more easily to be
destroyed and exposed, in the case that high temperature
and pressure, namely "flash temperature", continues to
occur, it would be easier to generate self-repairing
protective layer, but this experiment proves that selfrepairing film does not generate on the worn surface of
cast iron. It is considered that the key to form selfrepairing protective films on metal worn surface is the
occurrence of micro-metallurgical reactions, due to the
microstructure and mechanical performance of cast iron,

(a) 45 # steel(  ＝0.553m/s) (b) Cast iron(  ＝0.553m/s）

(d) EDS images corresponding (b)

Figure 5. SEM images of cross-section of samples under different

conditions and the corresponding energy spectrum Photos

Figure 6. EDS images of surface of 45# steel under  ＝0.276m/s

When the sliding speeds are small, a thick graphite ball
membrane is easy to be formed on the surface of cast iron,
and it blocks the repair material particles to enter into the
friction surface; when the sliding speeds increase, although
the graphite globule membrane is destroyed, due to the
cast iron„s strength and hardness are low, the additive
particles are easily cutting out from cast iron after they are
embedded in cast iron surface, the additive particles are
taken away by the cast iron filings under higher speed
conditions, the additive particles are difficult to remain in
the cast iron base, there is no sufficient time to occur
micro-metallurgical process, therefore, it is difficult to
form a self-repairing coating on the friction surface of cast
iron.

The effect of antifriction and anti-wear is notable under
suitable amount of additives condition, the reason is
considered to be the physical effect of additive particles.
After additives applied in the friction pair, they are
continued to be smashed to tiny particles under the
pressure and shear force that exist between the friction pair,
the motion on the friction surface is relatively easy to
scroll, especially the powders that are closely in the shape
of spherical and rod-shaped can play the role of Microballs, they can change sliding friction into rolling friction
between friction pairs, and reduce the friction coefficient;
particles have micro-grinding effect on actual contact spots
of the surface of friction pair, making them smooth,
reducing friction and wear. Thus, though there is no selfrepairing protective coating generated on the friction
surface of cast iron, additives improve antifriction and
anti-wear significantly.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
1. Different relative sliding speeds have a great
influence on frictional wear characteristics of 45# steel cast
iron pair. The friction coefficient is the minimum, for
0.0010, with speed of 0.276m / s, the friction coefficient is
the maximum, for 0.0025, with the maximum relative
sliding speed of 0.691m / s.

2. When the relative sliding speeds are too small, the
energy released by friction effect of friction pair is not
enough to stimulate friction chemical reaction; when 45#
steel matches with cast iron, there are self-repairing
protective coatings generated on the surface with load of
200N and speed of 0.553m / s.
3. Though there is no self-repairing protective coating
generated on the friction surface of cast iron, additives
improve antifriction and anti-wear properties significantly.

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“Research Progress of Hydroxyl Silicate as Self-repairing

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