Dress Preferences of Working Women According to Body Shapes

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The purpose of this survey is to examine the dress preferences of working women according to body shapes. In the survey through the questionnaire, the data have been collected from 385 working women with bachelor's degree and between the ages of 25 and 40 who are living in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. As a result; 39.5% of the surveyed women have been determined to have hourglass, 13.2% boned triangle, 11.9% triangle, 9.6% boned hourglass, 8.3% rectangle, 6.2% round hourglass, 4.9% round triangle, 3.1% inverted triangle and 3.1% diamond body shapes. In addition; 39.0% of the women have been observed to prefer classical cut, 27.8% round collar, 45.2% set-in sleeves, 33.2% maxi length, 43.9% black colour and 63.4% without-motif fabric. In sum, the dress styles of the surveyed working women have been detected not to show difference in accordance with their body shapes. Furthermore, some recommendations have been given to the working women in the survey with respect to the dress styles in accordance with their body shapes.

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## TEKSTİL VE MÜHENDİS (Journal of Textiles and Engineer) http://www.tekstilvemuhendis.org.tr

Dress Preferences of Working Women According to Body Shapes

Vücut Şekillerine Göre Çalışan Kadınların Elbise Tercihleri

Emine ERYAZICI, Esen ÇORUH
Gazi University, Faculty of Art and Design, Department of Fashion Design, Ankara, Turkey

Online Erişime Açıldığı Tarih (Available online): 26 Haziran 2015 (26 June 2015)

Bu makaleye atıf yapmak için (To cite this article):

Emine ERYAZICI, Esen ÇORUH (2015): Dress Preferences of Working Women According to Body
Shapes, Tekstil ve Mühendis, 22: 98, 42-55.

For online version of the article: http://dx.doi.org/10.7216/130075992015229805

TMMOB Tekstil Mühendisleri Odası
UCTEA Chamber of Textile Engineers
Tekstil ve Mühendis
Journal of Textiles and Engineer

Yıl (Year) : 2015/2
Cilt (Vol) : 22
Sayı (No) : 98

_Ara�t�rma Makalesi / Research Article_

# DRESS PREFERENCES OF WORKING WOMEN ACCORDING TO BODY SHAPES

Emine ERYAZICI

Esen ÇORUH*

Gazi University, Faculty of Art and Design, Department of Fashion Design, Ankara, Turkey

_Gönderilme Tarihi / Received: 20.11.2014_
_Kabul Tarihi / Accepted: 14.04.2015_

_ABSTRACT:_ The purpose of this survey is to examine the dress preferences of working women according to
body shapes. In the survey through the questionnaire, the data have been collected from 385 working women
with bachelor’s degree and between the ages of 25 and 40 who are living in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. As a
result; 39.5% of the surveyed women have been determined to have hourglass, 13.2% boned triangle, 11.9%
triangle, 9.6% boned hourglass, 8.3% rectangle, 6.2% round hourglass, 4.9% round triangle, 3.1% inverted
triangle and 3.1% diamond body shapes. In addition; 39.0% of the women have been observed to prefer
classical cut, 27.8% round collar, 45.2% set-in sleeves, 33.2% maxi length, 43.9% black colour and 63.4%
without-motif fabric. In sum, the dress styles of the surveyed working women have been detected not to show
difference in accordance with their body shapes. Furthermore, some recommendations have been given to the
working women in the survey with respect to the dress styles in accordance with their body shapes.
Keywords: Working woman, body shape, dress preference, dress recommendation

### VÜCUT ŞEKİLLERİNE GÖRE ÇALIŞAN KADINLARIN ELBİSE TERCİHLERİ

_ÖZET:_ Bu araştırmanın amacı, vücut şekillerine göre çalışan kadınların elbise tarzlarını incelemektir. Araştırmada veriler; 25-40 yaş arasında olan, üniversite bitiren, Türkiye’nin başkenti Ankara’da yaşayan 385 çalışan
kadından anket formu yardımıyla toplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; araştırmaya katılan çalışan kadınların %39.5’inin
kum saati, %13.2’sinin kemikli üçgen, %11.9’unun üçgen, %9.6’sının kemikli kum saati, %8.3’ünün dikdörtgen, %6.2’sinin yuvarlak kum saati, %4.9’unun kavisli üçgen, %3.1’inin ters üçgen ve %3.1’inin elmas vücut
şekline sahip oldukları saptanmıştır. Ayrıca kadınların; % 39.0’unun klasik kesim, % 27.8’inin yuvarlak yaka,
% 45.2’sinin takma kol, % 33.2’sinin maksi boy, % 43.9’unun siyah renk ve % 63.4’ünün desensiz kumaşları
tercih ettikleri görülmüştür. Özetle, araştırmaya katılan çalışan kadınların elbise tarzlarının vücut şekillerine
göre farklılık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir. Buna ek olarak araştırmada, çalışan kadınların vücut şekillerine
göre doğru elbise tarzlarının seçimi için bazı öneriler verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çalışan kadın, vücut şekli, elbise tercihi, elbise önerisi

_* Sorumlu Yazar/Corresponding Author:_ _esencoruh@hotmail.com_
_DOI:_ _10.7216/130075992015229805, www.tekstilvemuhendis.org.tr_

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Dress Preferences of Working Women
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1. INTRODUCTION

The increase in the levels of education around the
world has changed the position of women in the
community. Women have undertaken a role of
working women as well as the roles of mother, spouse
and housewife. Therefore, it is important to look
beautiful on their physical appearance as well as
professional qualifications. In addition to these,
clothes have been a significant means for working
women to show their authority and self-assurance.

The participation of women in labour force is one of
the most influential factors to ensure the development
with respect to both social and economic perspectives.
In general, since World War II, the participation rate
of women in labour force has increased. In the
developed economies, that the women’s participation
in labour force has a consistent increasing trend over
the course of years has been considered as a result of
the equalitarian policies. The legal actions aimed at
ensuring the equality between women and men has
taken place since 1995 and subsequent years [1].

The body sizes, types, shapes, and proportions of each
are different. Body size is related to measurement on
body. Body types differ between races [2]. Body
shape is closely connected with to body silhouettes.
And body proportion is related to anthropometric
comparisons of the population.

Anthropometric surveys are connected with the body
proportions of the population, using the conventional
measuring method [3]. However, modern methods,
described computer-based 3D body models, for
anthropometric surveys have been developed. These
methods have especially been used for apparel industry.

Creating convincing 3D models of humans is a difficult
task. So, a method for estimating body shape and
biometric measurements from coarse, noisy,
incomplete 3D data is desirable [4]. Despite these
modern methods, body shape can be identified taking
into account the appearance of shoulder, waist and hip.

Traditional garment pattern construction relies on
circumferential and arc body measurements. Therefore,
body shape categorization with comparisons of widths

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and depths from the view plane are not as directly
related to pattern making as categorization based on
body circumferences [5].

Body shape is an important factor to affect the
physical appearance of women. Additionally, dress is
women’s clothing comprised of various colour, motifs
and designs, covering the upper and lower of the
body. It is likely that combining correctly the body
shape with the dress style may a more elegant and
more impressive appearance.

Body shapes are generally identified by subjective
comparisons of body silhouettes or by calculating
ratios of girths [5]. It is especially required to analyse
the theoretical underpinning for the development of
apparel sizing [6]. Furthermore, body shape is the
major factor that has an influence on fit and
satisfaction with clothing. It is very important to find
the characteristics of each body shapes among races
or countries [2].

One of the most important problems of Turkish
apparel industry is that there has not been enough
research into the definition of body shapes in Turkish
women [7]. In this survey performed for examining
the dress preferences of the working women with their
body shapes; a) determination of body shapes, b)
identification of dress preferences, c) putting the dress
preferences according to body shapes and d) making
recommendations with respect to the proper dress
styles, have been aimed. In addition, this survey is of
significance in terms of that women can understand
whether or not they choose the right dress, how they
emphasize their beautiful parts of their bodies, that
they know the good or bad aspects of their bodies,
what kinds of dresses they should wear to look stylish.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The survey is focused on the distribution of women
body shape and the examination of the dress preference
in the business environment. Both international and
national researches about body shapes of women are
given below.

In a study by Lee et al., 2007, body shapes between
USA and Korean women were to compare by

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According to Body Shapes

analysing the distribution and proportion of body
shapes of two countries. The study finds that the
largest shape category was the rectangle shape in both
countries [2]. In another study by Çileroğlu, 2010,
body shapes of Turkish women were to identify in
terms of the ready-to-wear industry. The distribution
of body shape of Turkish women participating in the
study was designated as 37% hourglass [7].

In a study by Song and Ashdown, 2011, it was to
develop a reliable and objective categorization
method for the lower body shapes of women using
principal component analysis and cluster analysis. In
order to provide a simple and intuitive application
method for defining a new person’s body shape
group, it was developed two discriminant functions
using raw measurements. Body shape can be
classified within this system from body measurements
by calculating function scores and comparing them
with a bivariate plot of function scores of the body
shape groups [5]. In another study by Vuruşkan and
Bulgun, 2013, with relation to the lower body shapes
of women, the body fitting analysis was to perform
between the standard size and customized trousers,
and the customized trousers were to find to be more
suitable for body [8]. The result of these studies
clearly demonstrates that the studies intended at the
lower body shape of women have been conducted.
Also in many studies, the lower body of women has
been observed to be the most problematical part.

In a study by Hasler et al., 2009, it was to present a
method to estimate the detailed 3D body shape of a
person even if heavy or loose clothing was worn. The
approach was based on a space of human shapes,
learned from a large database of registered body
scans. The method was therefore allowed to compute
the most likely shape and pose of the subject, even if
it was heavily occluded or body parts were not visible

[4]. In another study by Ujevic et al., 2012, one of
computer-based 3D body models were to develop
according to defined shapes of female body contribute
to the visualization of body shape and in this context
they made a contribution to the processes of designing

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garment collections appropriate to body shape [3].
According to another study by Connel et al., 2003,
researchers proposed portions of body scales but no
analytical scale existed in the public domain to allow
product developers to compare their target market to a
standard shape as a basis for understanding pattern
production and grading. Image capture through body
scan technology was allowed researchers to look at
the body in very different ways relative to pattern
development for apparel production. Some body
scanning centers were to develop shape analysis tools
for use in pattern development [6]. In another study
by Connell et al., 2006, body shape assessment scale
was to develop a set of assess female body shapes as
visualized in body scans. The body shape scale
incorporated for hourglass, pear, rectangle, and
inverted triangle shapes [9]. These studies undoubtedly
reveal that the body scanning systems have been
developed for the determination of the body shapes of
women.

According to a study by Tama and Öndoğan, 2014,
basic skirt patterns were to create using the Computer
Aided Design system according to Contec, Metric,
Müller, and Basic Blocks Pattern Making Systems in
order to evaluate fit. These patterns were also to dress
up on virtual mannequins. Besides virtual mannequins’
body shapes were to select as hourglass, triangle, and
rectangle. Consequently results were different for
each pattern making systems and these systems were
not to suitable for each body shape [10].

In a study by Allen et al., 2003, understanding and
characterizing the range of human body shape variation
were applications ranging from better ergonomic
design of human spaces to easier modelling of realistic
human characters for computer animation. The
shortcomings of high level characterizations and sparse
anthropometric measurements, particularly for body
modelling, was that they did not capture the detailed
shape variations needed for realism [11]. Therefore,
conducting the studies towards the determination of the
body shapes has caused the ergonomic clothing designs
to be made.

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In a study by Bauser et al., 2011, differences between
perception of human faces and body shapes were to
investigate whether human body forms- like human
faces- undergo holistic processing. Faces and body
shapes appeared to share some initial processing
mechanisms, but later stages might at least in part be
based on differential information processing [12].
This study puts forth a different point of view in the
direction of the body shapes.

According to a study by Olaru et al., 2011, using the
anthropometric database, statistical processing was to
develop regarding the differences between the main
body circumferences to highlight the classification of
female subjects in different conformational categories,
in this case geometric shapes. For each shape category
were to present graphics proposals of outfits
according to the fashion trends [13].

As seen in the literature review, even though there are
a great number of researches at international level
about body shapes, at national level this number is
relatively low. With regard to the clothing preferences
of women according to their body shapes, there are
small numbers of researches both at international and
national level. Different from other researches, in this
survey, it is aimed to raise the awareness of women
about choosing the right clothing for their body
shapes.

3. METHOD

Having performed for the purpose of determination of
the body shapes of the working women and
examination of the dress preferences with their body
shapes, this research is a survey research. Survey
research has generally three features;

- In order to describe the opinions or characteristics
of a vast community, a part of the community
consisting of the people who can represent the
community is selected.

- The process in which the data required for the
survey are collected, which is based on questions
directed at the data resources.

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- Data are not collected from each individual in the
community but from a part representing the
community, namely from the sample [14].

2.1. Sampling and Data Collection

The universe of this survey is comprised of the
women with bachelor’s, graduate and postgraduate
degree between the ages of 25 and 40 who are
working in public or private institutions and living in
Ankara, the capital of Turkey. The sample of the
survey is the randomly-selected 385 women who have
participated voluntarily in the survey.

2.2. Survey Instrument

A questionnaire was used for data collection. The
survey began by looking back at previous researches
related to the issue. The characteristics and results of
the previous researches were examined, some clues
were gathered and some information and data which
would help the methodology and the course of this
survey were collected. Prior to beginning the
questionnaire, the dresses of the women were observed,
their body shapes about the dresses were noted and the
shapes of body were recorded. Following this survey,
some academics were asked to express their ideas
about the findings, and the questionnaire was finally
created. Afterwards, a pilot study was conducted by
applying this questionnaire to 50 women.

The questionnaire was divided into three sections. _In_
_the first section_ _,_ women answered questions related to
demographics such as age, weight, height, and
education level. _In the second section,_ working
women identified their body shapes as hourglass,
boned hourglass, round hourglass, triangle, boned
triangle, round triangle, inverted triangle, rectangle
and, diamond. _In the third section,_ women focussed
on their dress preferences such as cut, collar, sleeve,
length, colour, and fabric.

The survey covered working women in Ankara. A
total of 385 working women completed the questionnaire.
Their ages ranged from 25 to 40, their weights ranged
from 50 kg to 90 kg, their heights ranged from 155 cm
to 175 cm, and their education level ranged from
graduated university to graduated PhD.

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a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i)

Round
Hourglass

Triangle

Round
Triangle

Inverted
Triangle

Rectangle

Diamond

Hourglass

Boned
Hourglass

Boned
Triangle

Figure 1. Body Shapes [15, 16]

The description regarding the body shapes discussed in the survey are as follows:

a) _Hourglass:_ Shoulder and hip width equal or nearly equal with very small waist indentation. The person with this shape
has the overall appearance of extremely small waist relative to shoulder and hip [6].

b) _Boned Hourglass:_ Bust and hip width are close to each other. Waist line is notably slim. The person with this shape
has an athletic structure. The difference from hourglass body shape is to have a boned structure.

c) _Round Hourglass:_ Shoulder line is soft, notable waist line, curved hip, notable top and bottom of body but not too
large, and curved. A subcategory of hourglass body shape.

d) _Triangle:_ The person with a triangle shape has the appearance of being larger in the hips than the bust without having a
defined waistline [17].

e) _Boned Triangle:_ Narrow shoulders but they will still be straight, not sloping. The person with this shape has the
overall appearance of narrow shoulder and broad on hip relative to straight and flat [13].

f) _Round Triangle:_ Much wider at hip than shoulder with waist indented. The person with round triangle shape has the
overall appearance of extremely heavy hip area relative to waist and shoulder [6].

g) _Inverted Triangle:_ Much wider at shoulder than hip with waist indented. The person with this shape has the overall
appearance of extremely broad shoulder relative to waist and hip [6].

h) _Rectangle:_ Approximately equal visual balance between shoulder and hip with waist slightly indented. The person
with a rectangle shape has the overall appearance of average figure with little waist definition [6].

i) _Diamond:_ The person with this shape is characterized by having several large rolls of flesh in the midsection of the
body that protrude away from the body at the waist area. They appear to have a very large midsection in comparison to
the rest of their body, almost having a tube-like apparatus wrapped around their waist [17].

With relation to the dress preference of the working women involved in the survey; the explanation regarding
the cut, collar, sleeve, length, colour and fabric are as follows:

Straight

Cut

Classical

Cut

Flared

Cut

Full-flared

Cut

V
Cut

Trapezoid

Cut

Figure 2. Cut Characteristics

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_- Cut characteristics;_ have been defined as straight, classical, flared, full-flared, V and trapezoid cut.

Round Collar V Collar Square Collar Boat Collar Stand Collar

Notched Collar Shawl Collar

Peter Pan

Collar

Basic Collar Shirt-basic

Collar

Figure 3. Collar Characteristics [18]

_- Collar characteristics;_ have been given above as round, V, square, boat, stand, Peter Pan, basic, shirt-basic,
notched and shawl collar.

Set-in
Sleeve

Puff
Sleeve

Bishop

Sleeve

Raglan

Sleeve

Japanese

Sleeve

Figure 4. Sleeve Characteristics [18]

_- Sleeve characteristics;_ have been defined as set-in, puff, bishop, raglan and Japanese sleeve and the technical
drawings are shown above.

Mini Length
Above-the-Knee Length
Knee-Level Length

Below-the-Length
Midi Length

Maxi Length

Figure 5. Length Characteristics [16]

_- Length characteristics;_ have been defined as mini, above-the-knee, knee-level, below-the-knee, midi and
maxi length.

_- Colour characteristics;_ have been comprised of the options of black, navy blue, blue, brown, grey, red, claret
red, purple, pink, green and cream-white.

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Straight Stripe Plaid Polka Dots Flowery Leopar Geometric Abstract Traditional

Figure 6. Fabric Characteristics [16]

_- Fabric characteristics;_ have been defined as
without-motif, stripe, plaid, polka dots, flowery,
leopard, geometric, abstract and traditional motif, and
the examples belonging to these motifs are shown
above.

2.3. Analysis of Data

In the survey, basic statistical values were used. Data
were obtained from 385 working women who were
asked to indicate how they feel their body shapes. In
data analysis, data frequency and their percentage
were used.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results obtained in the survey with relation to the
dress preferences of the working women distribution
by the body shapes are presented below.

Table 1. Distributions According to Women’s Body Shapes (n=385)

TOTAL
BODY SHAPES
f (%)
Hourglass 152 (39.5)
Boned Hourglass 37 (9.6)
Rounded Hourglass 24 (6.2)
Triangle 46 (11.9)
Boned Triangle 51 (13.2)
Round Triangle 19 (4.9)
Inverted Triangle 12 (3.1)
Rectangle 32 (8.3)
Diamond 12 (3.1)
TOTAL 385 (100)

When looking at Table 1, the distribution of the
working women by their body shapes; 39.5% hourglass,
13.2% boned triangle, 11.9% triangle, 9.6% boned

hourglass, 8.3% rectangle, 6.2% round hourglass,
4.9% round triangle, and 3.1% inverted triangle and
3.1% diamond body shapes have been determined.

As seen on Table 1, most Turkish women have been
found to have hourglass body shape. Though the
result of this survey has similarities with the study of
Çileroğlu [7], it has differences from the study of Lee
et al. [2].

The hourglass body shape has also been accepted as
the ideal body shape in ready-to-wear industry, and
clothes are usually manufactured in line with this
body shape. In Table 1, most of the working women
have been found to have hourglass body shape, which
has been accepted as ideal. This result can be
interpreted as that the working women pay attention
to their bodies and can utilize ready-to-wear
comfortably.

Looking at Table 2, it is observed that 39% of the
women who participated in the surveyed women
prefer classical, 21% of them prefer flared, 17.4%
prefer trapezoid and 17.2% prefer straight cut dress.
Also, it is determined that 18.4% of the women with
hourglass body shape, 4.7% of the women with
triangle body shape and 4.7% of the women with
boned triangle body shape wear classical cut dress.

When looking at Table 3, it is determined that 27.8%
of the working women wear round collar, 23.1% wear
boat collar and 16.6% wear V collar. Moreover, it is
seen that 10.1% of women with hourglass body shape
prefer round collar, 9.9% of them prefer boat collar
and 7.8% prefer V collar dress.

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Table 2. Findings about Dress Cut Styles (n=385)

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CUT STYLES

BODY SHAPES Straight Classical Flared Full-flared V Trapezoid TOTAL

f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)
Hourglass 25 (6.5) 71 (18.4) 22 (5.7) 6 (1.6) 3 (0.8) 25 (6.5) 152 (39.5)
Boned Hourglass 4 (1.0) 14 (3.6) 9 (2.3) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 6 (1.6) 37 (9.6)
Rounded Hourglass 6 (1.6) 11 (2.9) 4 (1) - - 3 (0.8) 24 (6.2)
Triangle 5 (1.3) 18 (4.7) 15 (3.9) - 2 (0.5) 6 (1.6) 46 (11.9)
Boned Triangle 9 (2.4) 18 (4.7) 14 (3.6) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 8 (2.1) 51 (13.2)
Round Triangle 3 (0.8) 6 (1.6) 8 (2.1) - - 2 (0.5) 19 (4.9)
Inverted Triangle 2 (0.5) 4 (1) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8) 12 (3.1)
Rectangle 8 (2.1) 6 (1.6) 6 (1.6) - 1 (0.3) 11 (2.9) 32 (8.3)
Diamond 4 (1.0) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) - 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8) 12 (3.1)

TOTAL 66 (17.2) 150 (39) 81 (21) 10 (2.6) 11 (2.9) 67 (17.4) 385 (100)

Table 3. Distributions about Dress Collar Styles (n=385)

COLLAR STYLES

Shirt-

BODY SHAPES Round V Square Boat Stand Peter Pan Basic Notched Shawl TOTAL
basic

f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)

Hourglass 39 (10.1) 30 (7.8) 9 (2.3) 38 (9.9) 6 (1.6) 19 (4.9) 4 (1) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 5 (1.3) 152 (39.5)
Boned Hourglass 10 (2.6) 5 (1.3) 2 (0.5) 10 (2.6) 4 (1) 3 (0.8) - - 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 37 (9.6)
Rounded Hourglass 4 (1) 5 (1.3) 2 (0.5) 5 (1.3) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) - - 3 (0.8) 24 (6.2)
Triangle 9 (2.3) 8 (2.1) 2 (0.5) 11 (2.9) 5 (1.3) 5 (1.3) - 2 (0.5) - 4 (1) 46 (11.9)
Boned Triangle 18 (4.7) 4 (1) 5 (1.3) 10 (2.6) 4 (1) 7 (1.8) 2 (0.5) - 1 (0.3) - 51 (13.2)
Round Triangle 12 (3.1) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) - - - - 19 (4.9)
Inverted Triangle 2 (0.5) 3 (0.8) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) - 1 (0.3) - - 12 (3.1)
Rectangle 10 (2.6) 5 (1.3) - 10 (2.6) 3 (0.8) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) - 1 (0.3) 32 (8.3)
Diamond 3 (0.8) 2 (0.5) - 1 (0.3) - 3 (0.8) - - 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 12 (3.1)

TOTAL 107 (27.8) 64 (16.6) 22 (5.7) 89 (23.1) 27 (7) 42 (10.9) 8 (2.1) 5 (1.3) 5 (1.3) 16 (4.2) 385 (100)

Table 4. Evaluations about Dress Sleeve Styles (n=385)

SLEEVE STYLES

BODY SHAPES Set-in Puff Bishop Raglan Japanese TOTAL

f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)

Hourglass 65 (16.9) 38 (9.9) 21 (5.5) 20 (5.2) 8 (2.1) 152 (39.5)

Boned Hourglass 20 (5.2) 4 (1) 7 (1.8) 6 (1.6) - 37 (9.6)

Rounded Hourglass 15 (4.0) 3 (0.8) 2 (0.5) 4 (1) 1 (0.3) 24 (6.2)

Triangle 17 (4.5) 8 (2.1) 9 (2.3) 11 (2.9) 1 (0.3) 46 (11.9)

Boned Triangle 23 (6.0) 10 (2.6) 8 (2.1) 7 (1.8) 3 (0.8) 51 (13.2)

Round Triangle 12 (3.1) 3 (0.8) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 19 (4.9)

Inverted Triangle 4 (1) 1 (0.3) 4 (1) 3 (0.8) - 12 (3.1)

Rectangle 18 (4.7) 7 (1.8) 7 (1.8) 6 (1.6) - 32 (8.3)

Diamond 7 (1.9) 3 (0.8) - 2 (0.5) - 12 (3.1)

TOTAL 174 (45.2) 77 (20) 59 (15.3) 61 (15.8) 14 (3.6) 385 (100)

Cil (V l) 22 N 98

Dress Preferences of Working Women
According to Body Shapes

According to the results in Table 4 about the sleeve
styles of the working women, it is found that 45.2% of
them prefer set-in sleeve, 20% prefer puff-sleeve,
15.8% prefer raglan sleeve and 15.3% prefer bishop
sleeve. This result shows that approximately half of
the women wear set-in sleeve dress.

Analysing Table 5, it is seen that 33.2% of the women
who participated in the survey wear maxi length
dress, 21.8% of them wear above-the-knee length and
17.1% wear knee-level length dress.

There were arguments with increasing tendencies in
Turkey towards more conservatism especially after
the Justice and Development Party's rise to power

Table 5. Findings about Dress Length Styles (n=385)

Emine ERYAZICI

Esen ÇORUH

[19]. The results supported the arguments that the
working women preferred maxi length dress and also
had a tendency to wear more conservatively in the
business environment.

Looking at Table 6, it is seen that the working women
choose most the black colour with the ratio of 43.9%
and secondly navy blue with the ratio of 12.5%. As a
result, it is observed that the women participating in
the survey wear mostly black dress at work. Besides,
when the distributions according to the body shapes
are analysed, it is concluded that the colour black
weigh much.

LENGHT STYLES

Above-the-
Mini

Knee

Above-the- Below-the-

Knee-Level
Knee Knee

Above-the- Below-the-

BODY SHAPES Mini Knee-Level Midi Maxi TOTAL

Knee Knee

f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)
Hourglass 9 (2.3) 46 (11.9) 27 (7) 13 (3.4) 17 (4.4) 40 (10.4) 152 (39.5)
Boned Hourglass 2 (0.5) 7 (1.8) 8 (2.1) 6 (1.6) 3 (0.8) 11 (2.9) 37 (9.6)
Rounded Hourglass 1 (0.3) 4 (1) 5 (1.3) 4 (1) 1 (0.3) 9 (2.3) 24 (6.2)
Triangle 2 (0.5) 7 (1.8) 8 (2.1) 4 (1) 5 (1.3) 20 (5.2) 46 (11.9)
Boned Triangle 2 (0.5) 10 (2.6) 8 (2.1) 7 (1.8) 6 (1.6) 18 (4.7) 51 (13.2)
Round Triangle - 2 (0.5) 3 (0.8) 3 (0.8) 3 (0.8) 8 (2.1) 19 (4.9)
Inverted Triangle - 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 7 (1.8) 12 (3.1)
Rectangle 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8) 4 (1) 8 (2.1) 4 (1) 12 (3.1) 32 (8.3)
Diamond 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 3 (0.8) 12 (3.1)
TOTAL 18 (4.7) 84 (21.8) 66 (17.1) 47 (12.2) 42 (10.9) 128 (33.2) 385 (100)

Table 6. Distributions about Dress Colour Styles (n=385)

COLOUR STYLES

Navy
Black

Blue

Navy Claret

Blue Brown Grey Red
Blue Red

Claret Cream-

Purple Pink Green
Red White

Navy Claret Cream-

BODY SHAPES Black Blue Brown Grey Red Purple Pink Green TOTAL

Blue Red White

f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)

Hourglass 69 (17.9) 17 (4.4) 6 (1.6) 13 (3.4) 8 (2.1) 12 (3.1) 8 (2.1) 4 (1) 4 (1) 7 (1.8) 4 (1.1) 152 (39.5)

Boned Hourglass 17 (4.4) 3 (0.8) 3 (0.8) 3 (0.8) - 3 (0.8) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 37 (9.6)
Rounded
11 (2.9) 5 (1.3) 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8)              - 1 (0.3)              - 1 (0.3)              - 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 24 (6.2)
Hourglass

Triangle 18 (4.7) 5 (1.3) 4 (1) 3 (0.8) 3 (0.8) 2 (0.5) 4 (1) 2 (0.5) - 3 (0.8) 2 (0.5) 46 (11.9)

Boned Triangle 25 (6.5) 7 (1.8) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 8 (2.1) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) - 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 51 (13.2)

Round Triangle 9 (2.3) 2 (0.5) - 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) - 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) - 19 (4.9)

Inverted Triangle 4 (1) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) - - - 12 (3.1)

Rectangle 11 (2.9) 6 (1.6) 3 (0.8) 2 (0.5) 3 (0.8) 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8) 1 (0.3) - 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 32 (8.3)

Diamond 5 (1.3) 2 (0.5) - - 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) - - 1 (0.3) - 12 (3.1)

TOTAL 169 (43.9) 48 (12.5) 19 (4.9) 29 (7.5) 26 (6.8) 25 (6.5) 20 (5.2) 11 (2.9) 10 (2.6) 18 (4.7) 10 (2.6) 385 (100)

Cilt (V l) 22 N 98

Dress Preferences of Working Women
According to Body Shapes

It was to determine that the women preferred black
colour in the business environment with a rate of 50%
in Kılınçarslan’s study [20]. Yet, it was to observe
that 71% of the women wear pink and 61% blue in
Koca and Koç’s study [21]. As seen on Table 6, that
the working women prefer black colour is the most
draws parallel to the results of Kılınçarslan’s study

[20]; however, the results of Koca and Koç’s study

[21] shows indifferences.

It is determined when Table 7 is observed that the
women participated in the survey wear dresses made
by without-motif fabric with the ratio of 63.4%.

As a result, when looking at the above tables, 39% of
the surveyed women have been found to prefer
classical, 21% flared, 17.4% trapezoid and 17.2%
straight cut dresses. These women have chosen round
collar dresses with a rate of 27.8%, and boat collar
with 23.1%. When sleeve characteristics are
considered in dresses, 45.2% of these women have
preferred set-in sleeve and 20% puff sleeve. In
addition to these, 33.2% of the surveyed women have
been found to wear maxi length and 21.8% above-theknee length dresses. As the colour preference for
dresses, 43.9% of the working women have been
determined to choose black colour. Furthermore, the

Emine ERYAZICI

Esen ÇORUH

working women have preferred without-motif dresses
with a rate of 63.4%.

5. CONCLUSIONS

that 71% of the women wear pink and 61% blue in
Koca and Koç’s study [21]. As seen on Table 6, that Considering the results given on Table 8, a conclusion
the working women prefer black colour is the most table has been formed and presented below with
draws parallel to the results of Kılınçarslan’s study relation to the body shapes of the surveyed women

[20]; however, the results of Koca and Koç’s study and their dress preferences.

[21] shows indifferences.

In conclusion, when examining the results on Table 8
in relation to the dress preferences and body shapes of

It is determined when Table 7 is observed that the
women participated in the survey wear dresses made the surveyed working women; most of them have
by without-motif fabric with the ratio of 63.4%. been determined to prefer classical cut, round collar,

set-in sleeve, maxi length, black colour and without
As a result, when looking at the above tables, 39% of motif fabric dresses. Eventually, the results of the
the surveyed women have been found to prefer survey has put obviously forth for consideration that
classical, 21% flared, 17.4% trapezoid and 17.2% the dress preferences of the working women do not
straight cut dresses. These women have chosen round show differences according to their body shapes.
collar dresses with a rate of 27.8%, and boat collar
with 23.1%. When sleeve characteristics are

Today, the education levels of women at professional

considered in dresses, 45.2% of these women have

life have increased. In spite of this, it is observed that

preferred set-in sleeve and 20% puff sleeve. In

working women do not care much about their dress

addition to these, 33.2% of the surveyed women have

styles and almost all working women wear just one

been found to wear maxi length and 21.8% above-the
style of dress. This situation may result from their

knee length dresses. As the colour preference for

being at the same time a mother, spouse and

dresses, 43.9% of the working women have been

housewife and not being able to spare enough time for

determined to choose black colour. Furthermore, the

themselves.

Table 7. Evaluations about Dress Fabric Styles (n=385)

FABRIC STYLES

Without-

BODY SHAPES Stripe Plaid Polka Dots Flowery Leopar Geometric Abstract Traditional TOTAL
motif

f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)

Hourglass 91 (23.6) 4 (1) 8 (2.1) 7 (1.8) 17 (4.4) 4 (1) 8 (2.1) 7 (1.8) 6 (1.6) 152 (39.5)

Boned Hourglass 26 (6.8) - 2 (0.5) 2 (0.6) 2 (0.5) - 1 (0.3) - 4 (1) 37 (9.6)

Rounded Hourglass 17 (4.4) - 1 (0.3) - 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 2 (0.5) 24 (6.2)

Triangle 24 (6.2) - 3 (0.8) 5 (1.3) 5 (1.3) 5 (1.3) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) - 46 (11.9)

Boned Triangle 37 (9.6) 1 (0.3) - 4 (1.1) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 51 (13.2)

Round Triangle 14 (3.6) - - 2 (0.5) 1 (0.3) - 2 (0.5) - - 19 (4.9)

Inverted Triangle 7 (1.8) 1 (0.3) - - 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) - 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 12 (3.1)

Rectangle 18 (4.7) 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) 3 (0.8) 4 (1) - 1 (0.3) - 4 (1) 32 (8.3)

Diamond 10 (2.6) - 1 (0.3) 1 (0.3) - - - - - 12 (3.1)

TOTAL 244 (63.4) 7 (1.8) 16 (4.2) 24 (6.2) 32 (8.3) 12 (3.1) 18 (4.7) 13 (3.4) 19 (4.9) 385 (100)

Cil (V l) 22 N 98

Dress Preferences of Working Women
According to Body Shapes

Emine ERYAZICI

Esen ÇORUH

Table 8. Conclusions of Dress Preferences of the Working Women According to the Body Shapes

BODY
SHAPES

Hourglass

(39.5%)

Boned
Hourglass

(9.6%)

Rounded
Hourglass

(6.2%)

Triangle

(11.9%)

Boned
Triangle

(13.2%)

Round
Triangle

(4.9%)

Inverted
Triangle

(3.1%)

Rectangle

(8.3%)

Diamond

(3.1%)

DRESS PREFERENCES

Cut Classical (18.4%)
Collar Round (10.1%)
Sleeve Set-in (16.9%)
Length Above-the-knee (11.9%)
Colour Black (17.9%)

Fabric Without-motif (23.6%)

Cut Classical (3.6%)
Collar Round (2.6%) and boat (2.6%)
Sleeve Set-in (5.2%)
Length Maxi (2.9%)
Colour Black (4.4%)

Fabric Without-motif (6.8%)

Cut Classical (2.9%)
Collar V (1.3%) and boat (1.3%)
Sleeve Set-in (4%)
Length Maxi (2.3%)
Colour Black (2.9%)

Fabric Without-motif (4.4%)

Cut Classical (4.7%)
Collar Boat (2.9%)
Sleeve Set-in (4.5%)
Length Maxi (5.2%)
Colour Black (4.7%)

Fabric Without-motif (6.2%)

Cut Classical (4.7%)
Collar Round (4.7%)
Sleeve Set-in (6%)
Length Maxi (4.7%)
Colour Black (6.5%)

Fabric Without-motif (9.6%)

Cut Flared (2.1%)
Collar Round (3.1%)
Sleeve Set-in (3.1%)
Length Maxi (2.1%)
Colour Black (2.3%)

Fabric Without-motif (3.6%)

Cut Classical (1.0%)
Collar V (0.8%)
Sleeve Set-in (1%) and bishop (1%)
Length Maxi (1.8%)
Colour Black (1%)

Fabric Without-motif (1.8%)

Cut Trapezoid (2.9%)
Collar Round (2.6%) and boat (2.6%)
Sleeve Set-in (4.7%)
Length Maxi (3.1%)
Colour Black (2.9%)

Fabric Without-motif (4.7%)

Cut Straight (1%)
Collar Round (0.8%) and Peter Pan (0.8%)
Sleeve Set-in (1.9%)
Length Above-the-knee (0.8%) and maxi (0.8%)
Colour Black (1.3%)

Fabric Without-motif (2.6%)

Cilt (V l) 22 N 98

Dress Preferences of Working Women
According to Body Shapes

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

The working women need to know their body shapes
and determine their dress styles according to their
body shapes. And in this section, dress recommendations
are given about how women should wear according to
their body shapes.

Setting off with the similarity of nine body shapes
discussed in this survey, it is possible to gather these
under five groups. This grouping can be dealt with
according shape similarities;

Emine ERYAZICI

Esen ÇORUH

1. Group: Hourglass, boned hourglass and round
hourglass body shapes
2. Group: Triangle, boned triangle and round triangle
body shapes
3. Group: Inverted triangle body shapes
4. Group: Rectangle body shapes
5. Group: Diamond body shapes

Taking into account this grouping, some
recommendations are given below according to the
body shapes of the working women:

Table 9. Dress Recommendations of the Working Women According to the Body Shapes

GROUPS DRESS RECOMMENDATIONS

1.Group

2.Group

3.Group

4.Group

5.Group

Cut Straight, classical and flared cuts

Collar Deep U, V and shawl collars

Sleeve Set-in and raglan sleeves

Length Above-the-knee, knee-level and below-the-knee length

Colour Any kind of colour

Fabric Without-motif or small flower, polka dots, abstract and shawl motifs

Cut Classical and flared cuts

Collar Boat, large-size Peter Pan, basic and shirt-basic collars

Sleeve Puff and Japanese sleeves

Length Below-the-knee and midi length

Colour Dark colours on the lower of the body, light colours on the upper of the body [13]

Fabric Vertical stripes on the lower body and horizontal stripes on the upper body [13]

Cut Flared and full-flared cuts

Collar V, notched and shawl collars

Sleeve Set-in and bishop sleeves

Length Mini, above-the-knee and knee-level length

Colour Light colours on the lower of the body, dark colours on the upper of the body [13]

Fabric Horizontal stripes on the lower body and vertical stripes on the upper body [13]

Cut Straight, classical and flared cuts

Collar Round and V collars

Sleeve Set-in sleeve

Length Mini, above-the-knee, knee-level and below-the-knee length

Colour Any kind of colour

Fabric Medium-size motifs

Cut Trapezoid cut

Collar Boat collar

Sleeve Puff and Japanese sleeves

Length Below-the-knee and midi length

Colour Light colours on the lower and upper body, dark colours on the waist

Fabric Without-motif and small-size motifs

Cil (V l) 22 N 98

Dress Preferences of Working Women
According to Body Shapes

_Women contained in 1st Group;_ may have a stylish
appearance through straight, classical and flared cut
dresses; deep U, V and shawl collars; set-in or raglan
sleeves; above-the-knee, knee-level and below-theknee length dresses; without-motif or small flowery,
polka dots, abstract and shawl motifs in colour of all
kinds. In addition, the women contained in this group
can emphasize their waist line with belts.

_Women contained in 2nd Group;_ may be attractive
with classical and flared cut dresses; boat, large-size
Peter Pan, basic and shirt-basic collars; puff and
Japanese sleeves; below-the-knee and midi length; dark
colours on the lower of the body and light colours,
without-motif or small-size motifs on the upper of the
body. In addition, the women contained in this group
can emphasize their shoulders by using shoulder pad.

_Women contained in 3rd Group;_ may be eyecatching with flared and full-flared cut dresses; V,
notched and shawl collars, set-in and bishop sleeves;
mini, above-the-knee and knee-level length; light
colours or horizontal striped fabrics on the lower of
the body and dark colours or vertical striped fabrics
on the upper of the body. The dress details may be on
the lower of the body in order to take the attention to
this part.

_Women contained in 4th Group;_ may use straight,
classical and flared cuts; round or V collars; set-in
sleeve; mini, above-the-knee, knee-level and belowthe-knee length; medium-size motifs in colour of all
kinds in their preferences.

_Women contained in 5th Group;_ may have an
attractive appearance with trapezoid cut dresses; boat
collar; puff and Japanese s1eeves; below-the-knee and
midi length; light colours on the lower and upper of
the body, dark colours and without-motifs on the
waist. In addition, the women contained in this group
may have a good appearance with various collars by
taking attention to their necks.

The results of this survey, the suggestions have been
given for other researches to be conducted in the
future:

Emine ERYAZICI

Esen ÇORUH

- The researches can be performed in the
examination of the body shapes and dress styles
of the working women across Turkey.

- The researches can be performed in the
preference of the clothing like skirt, trousers,
jacket and etc. of the working women with their
body shapes.

- The standards and formulae can be developed in
the determination of the body shapes of the
working women by measuring their body sizes.

As a result in this survey; the body shapes of the
working women have been determined, their
preferences for dress styles have been examined and
the recommendations have been given towards the
suitable dresses according their body shapes.

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2. Lee, J.Y., Istook, C.L., Nam, Y.J., Park, S.M., (2007),
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3. Ujevié, D., Petrak, S., Hrastinski, M., Mahnié, M., (2012),
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8. Vuruşkan, A., Bulgun, E., (2013), _Ki�iye Özel Giysiler �çin_
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According to Body Shapes

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Cil (V l) 22 N 98

Emine ERYAZICI

Esen ÇORUH

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