A Novel Fluorescent Chemosensor Based on β-(2-Pyridyl)acrolein-Rhodamine B Derivative: Polymer Particle Interaction with an Enhanced Sensing Performance

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T11472 Analytical Chemistry and Sensors

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~~KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238/Doi:10.14356/kona.2016003~~ ~~Original Research Paper~~

# A Novel Fluorescent Chemosensor Based on β-(2-Pyridyl)acrolein-Rhodamine B Derivative:

# Polymer Particle Interaction with an

# Enhanced Sensing Performance †

Kyo-Sun Ku, Ji-Yong Hwang, Palanisamy Muthukumar and Young-A Son
_1 Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, South Korea_

Abstract

A novel, fluorescent chemosensor based on β-(2-pyridyl)acrolein-rhodamine B (RB-AC) derivative was synthesized
and its sensing performance with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) polymer particle was
investigated. The prepared β-(2-pyridyl)acrolein-rhodamine B/poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate (PEGDMA/
RB-AC) particle was used for sensing of Al 3+ . The PEGDMA/RB-AC particles showed immediate “off–on”
fluorescent responses toward Al 3+ . The fluorescent response was attributed to the spirolactam ring opening of RBAC. This sensor particle showed high selectivity towards Al 3+ in the presence of other competing metal ions. The
sensitivity of PEGDMA/RB-AC particle was demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The binding stoichiometry and binding mode of the metal complex was
established by Job’s plot and FT-IR spectroscopy.

Keywords: β-(2-pyridyl)acrolein-rhodamine B derivative, rhodamine/polymer particles, aluminium sensing,

fluorescent sensor

1. Introduction

The development of selective and sensitive probe for
the detection of biologically and environmentally important species has emerged as a significant goal in the field
of chemical sensors (Zhou et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2010;
Wang et al., 2014). So far, a number of fluorescent probes
with different excitation and emission wave lengths have
been used as signal receptors of chemosensors such as
coumarin (Chen et al., 2014), pyrene (Wang et al., 2013),
1,8-naphthalimide (Dai and Xu, 2011), xanthenes (Chen et
al., 2012), squaraine (Akkaya, 1997), cyanine (Zheng et
al., 2012) and boron dipyrromethene difluoride (BODIPY)
(Li et al., 2012). Among these, xanthene derivatives are of
great interest due to their excellent photophysical properties such as long absorption and emission wavelengths,
large absorption co-efficient and high fluorescence quantum yield (Beaumont et al., 1993). Rhodamine is a well
known dye of xanthenes derivative having spirolactam
ring which is color less and non-fluorescent, whereas its

- Received 14 April 2015; Accepted 18 May 2015
J-STAGE Advance published online 30 June 2015
1 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea

- Corresponding author: Young-A Son;
E-mail: yason@cnu.ac.kr
TEL: +82-42-821-6620 FAX: +82-42-821-8870

ring opened amide form gives strong color and fluorescent
emission. Based on this, many rhodamine derivatives
have been used as a fluorescent probe for the detection of
various metal ions (Kim et al., 2008). The sensing behavior of most of the rhodamine based fluorescent probes was
studied in the solution (Zhang et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2015;
Lee et al., 2010; Weerasinghe et al., 2009; Ju et al., 2011).
In order to use these probes in the fields, it should be materialized. In recent years, the preparation of rhodamine
functionalized fluorescent particles for the removal of
metal ions received much interest (Jung et al., 2011).

Molecular imprinting polymerization (MIP) is also
known as template polymerization and widely used
method for synthesizing host polymer which has been
recognizing target species. Due to their chemical and mechanical stability, simple preparation, low cost and high
selectivity, MIP has been used in wide range of fields
such as chromatographic separation, solid-phase extraction,
catalysts and sensors (Yang et al., 2009; Andersson, 2000;
Li and Husson, 2006). The imprinting mechanism is explained as the trapping of template molecule into the
polymer matrix during polymerization as a result the
molecular information of the template is retained in the
polymeric material in the cross linked powders after complete extraction of the template from the matrix membranes. Two types of interactions between the template

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

molecule and functional monomers have been explained
such as covalent and non-covalent interactions. The covalent interaction (Wulff and Sarhan, 1972) creates bonds
between the template and polymer whereas non-covalent
interaction (Haupt and Mosbach, 2000) creates electrostatic interactions such as π-π interaction and hydrogen
bonds. The non-covalent technique has been preferentially used for different reasons such as easily conducted,
the removal of the template is achieved through continuous extraction and a substantial number of functionalities
can be introduced into the binding sites (Yan and Row,
2006). Immobilization of the indicators in matrices has
substantial effects on the performance of the optical sensors in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, and stability.
Keeping these factors in mind, in this study, we have
retained the template in polymer matrices as a recognizing unit instead of extraction of template from polymer
matrices.

Recently, our research group involves the development
of colorimetric/fluorogenic chemosensors for selective
detection of different types of analytes (So et al., 2014;
Jeong et al., 2015). It is well documented that the spirolactam ring of the rhodamine derivative is open when it interacts with the metal ions and in turn it shows the
fluorescence. Thus, in this article we have made an attempt to synthesis a simple new rhodamine derivative and
used this as a template for the preparation of PEGDMA/
rhodamine solid sensory particles. The prepared PEGDMA-
rhodamine particles have been used for the sensing of
Al 3+ . The particle shows fluorescent turn on when it interact with Al 3+ . The prepared rhodamine template was characterized using 1 H NMR and mass spectroscopy and the
PEGDMA/rhodamine solid sensory particles were characterized confocal image and scanning electron microscopy.

2. Experimental section

2.1. Materials

The chemicals for the synthesis of β-(2-pyridyl)acrolein-
rhodamine B derivative (RB-AC) were purchased from
Aldrich and Kanto Chemicals Japan and were used without further purification. All reagents and solvents are of
analytical grade and used without further purification.
The metal ions such as Li +, Na +, K +, Cs +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+,
Fe 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+, Zn 2+, Ag +, Cd 2+, Hg 2+, Pb 2+, Al 3+
as perchlorate salts were purchased from commercial
suppliers and used without further purification. Ethylene
glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was obtained from the
Sigma Chemical Company, USA, and was used as received without purification. Azobisisobutyronitrile
(AIBN) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were obtained
from Acros Organics, New Jersey, USA. Ethylene gly

col dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was used as the monomer.
2,2-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVPK-85-95, Mw = 1,300,000) were used as the
initiator and stabilizer, respectively.

2.2. Instrumentation

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were
recorded in CDCl3 unless otherwise stated, with tetra
methylsilane (TMS) as internal reference at ambient
temperature, mainly on a BRUKER AVANCE III 300
Magnet: Ascend TM series, 14.1 Tesla, 1 H resonance frequency 300 MHz, Top Spin 3.1 (software) spectrometer
Germany spectrometers. HR-MS spectrum was recorded
with Bruker autoflex III mass spectrometer. FT-IR spectra
were recorded with an FTS-175C spectrometer. UV-Visible
absorption spectra were recorded on an Agilent 8453
spectrophotometer. Fluorescence emission spectra were
recorded on a Shimadzu RF-5301PC spectroflurophotometer. The slit width was 1.5 nm for both excitation and
emission. Samples were contained in 10.0 nm path length
quartz cuvettes (3.5 mL volume). Fluorescence imaging
was performed by confocal fluorescence microscopy on
LSM5Live, (Germany) with Zeiss LSM5 Live Release
version 4.2.SP1 Image Browser software were used. The
scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained
by JEOL, JSM-7000F.

2.3. Synthesis of RB-AC

Rhodamine B hydrazide and β-(2-pyridyl)acrolein were
prepared following the literature method (Zhang et al.,
2011; Krasnaya et al., 1997). The synthesis of RB-AC is
shown in Scheme 1 . In a 100 mL three necked round bottom flask, rhodamine B hydrazide (1.23 g, 2.6 mmol) was
dissolved in hot ethanol (30 mL). Then, a solution of 0.5 g
(3 mmol) of β-(2-pyridyl)acrolein in 20 ml of ethanol was
added drop wise to the flask in 1 h. After the addition of
β-(2-Pyridyl)acrolein, 1 ml of acetic acid was added to
the reaction mixture. Under stirring, the reaction mixture
was refluxed for 5 h. After 5 h, the reaction mixture was
cool to room temperature and the formed precipitate
was filtered and washed with cold ethanol. The crude
product was purified by column chromatography using
hexane-ethyl acetate (60:40) as eluent to get pure product (1.01 g, yield = 69.1 %). The Product was confirmed by
1H NMR and mass spectroscopy ( Fig. S1 and S2 ).

Scheme 1 Synthesis of RB-AC.

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

2.4. Synthesis of PEGDMA/RB-AC particles

The dispersion medium (stabilizer) was prepared by
dissolving 1.5 g of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) in deionized water (150 mL). The synthesis was performed in a
three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer, water condenser and thermometer. A mixture containing 17 g of
ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), initiator,
0.255 g of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 0.0017 g of
RB-AC was diluted with a mixed solvent (toluene (8 mL)/
butanol (8 mL)).The reaction mixture transferred to the
PVP dispersion medium and this reaction mixture was
purged with N2 gas for 10 min after that the reaction mixture was sealed under this nitrogen atmosphere and
heated at 80 °C for overnight. The produced polymer was
filtered using a Whatman filter number 1 and washed with
acetone and methanol to get the RB-AC encapsulated
PEGDMA (PEGDMA/RB-AC) as white powder.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Preliminary studies

In order to evaluate the sensing behavior of PEGDMA/
RB-AC, we have examined the absorbance, fluorescence
and visible color change of the RB-AC in solution in the
presence of various metal ions including alkali, alkaline-
earth and transition-metal ions such as Li +, Na +, K +, Cs +,
Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Fe 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+, Zn 2+, Ag +, Cd 2+, Hg 2+,
Pb 2+ and Al 3+, in ethanol/DMF (v/v = 9/1). The absorbance
spectrum of RB-AC doesn’t show any peaks longer than
500 nm which was attributed to the ring closed spirolactam
form of RB-AC ( Fig. 1 ) (Chen et al., 2012). As shown in
Fig. 1, the absorbance intensity of RB-AC was significantly
increased at 560 nm upon the addition of Al 3+ whereas no
changes in absorbance intensity of RB-AC were observed
upon the addition of other competitive metal ions. Fig. 2
shows the fluorescence changes of RB-AC in the presence
of different metal ions. The RB-AC alone doesn’t show
any fluorescence peak around 580 nm. The addition of
Al 3+ into RB-AC showed the considerable enhancement
in fluorescence intensity at 580 nm. Further the addition
of other competitive metal ions doesn’t lead the fluorescence enhancement of the RB-AC.

Furthermore, the sensing behavior of RB-AC with different significant metal ions was checked by ‘naked eye’
detection methods. As shown in Fig. 3, the synthesized
RB-AC displays a ‘naked-eye’ color change from color
less to pink ( Fig. 3, top ) after the addition of 10 μM of
Al 3+ in ethanol/DMF (9:1) mixture. While in the case of
other cations such as Li +, Na +, K +, Cs +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Fe 2+,
Co 2+, Ni 2+, Cu 2+, Zn 2+, Ag +, Cd 2+, Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ does not
produce any significant color changes. Further, the addi

Fig. 2 Fluorescence spectra of 10 μM of RB-AC in ethanol/

DMF (9:1) in the presence of 10 μM of different metal
ions.

tion of Al 3+ exhibits intense yellow fluorescence under
illumination of UV-light ( Fig. 3, bottom ). Thus, the
sensing of Al 3+ by RB-AC can be detected by the naked
eye without the assistance of any instrument.

3.2. Spectroscopic recognition of RB-AC towards
Al 3+

UV-Vis and fluorescence spectral methods were used
to study the recognition of RB-AC towards Al 3+ . UV-vis
spectra of RB-AC in ethanol/DMF (9:1) mixture in the
presence of different concentrations of Al 3+ are shown in
Fig. S3 . In the absence of Al 3+, the absorption spectrum
of RB-AC doesn’t exhibit any characteristic absorption of
rhodamine moiety whereas upon the addition of Al 3+, a
new absorption band centered at 560 nm was observed.
Further addition of Al 3+ into RB-AC leads to the increase
in absorbance at 560 nm. This indicated a clear and gradually color change from colorless to pink due to the opening of the closed rhodamine spirolactam ring.

Fig. 1 Absorbance spectra of 10 μM of RB-AC in ethanol/

DMF (9:1) in the presence of 10 μM of different metal
ions.

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

Fig. 3 Photographs of color changes of RB-AC (10 μM) in ethanol/DMF (9:1) in the presence of various metal

ions detected by naked eye (top) and by UV-lamp (bottom).

Due to its high sensitivity, fluorescence spectroscopy
has been widely used in the study of molecular interactions between rhodamine and metal ions (Chen et al.,
2009). Fig. S4 shows the fluorescence spectra of RB-AC
in ethanol/DMF (9:1) mixture was recorded against the
different concentrations of Al 3+ . As shown in Fig. S4,
while increasing the concentration of Al 3+ the fluorescence intensity at 580 nm was gradually increased. The
binding constant of RG-HN with Al 3+ was determined using Benesi-Hildebrand equation ( Fig. S5 ). It was found to
be 4.70 × 10 4 which was within the range of reported Al 3+
chemosensors (Kim et al., 2014).

The detection limit of the receptor RB-AC towards
Al 3+ was calculated based on 3δ/k (Lohani et al., 2010).
Where, δ is the standard deviation of the blank solution
and k is the slope of the calibration plot. A linear response
was observed when the concentration of Al 3+ is plotted
against fluorescence intensity with a correlation coefficient of 0.982 ( Fig. S6 ). The detection limit was calculated from slope and it was found to be 5.4 × 10 –8 M.

3.3. Sensing property of PEGDMA/RB-AC
particles towards Al 3+

The results discussed in previous sections indicated
that the synthesized RB-AC has good recognition towards
Al 3+ and it can be used for the preparation of sensing
probe for Al 3+ . In order to improve the sensing performance of RB-AC, we have addressed the task of designing of RB-AC encapsulated PEGDMA particles. To
demonstrate the encapsulation of RB-AC by PEGDMA,
we have studied the color change of PEGDMA/RB-AC
particles in ethanol/DMF (9:1) mixture with and without
Al 3+ . In the absence of Al 3+, PEGDMA/RB-AC particles
in ethanol/DMF (9:1) mixture doesn’t show any color.
After the addition of Al 3+ to the PEGDMA/RB-AC particles in ethanol/DMF mixture (9:1), the color of the particles was changed colorless to pink and the particle

Fig. 4 Photographs of PEGDMA/RB-AC in absence (A), pres
ence (B) of 10 μM of Al 3+ and reversibility with 10 μM
of EDTA (C) detected by naked eye (top) and UV-lamp
(bottom).

showed yellow fluorescence under the illumination of
UV-light as shown in the Fig. S7 . Further, the sensing
performance was examined by the addition of 1 mL of
10 μM of Al 3+ in ethanol/DMF (9:1) mixture into the 1.0 g
of synthesized PEGDMA/RB-AC particles. Besides that
the mixture was stirred for 5 min up to attain the pink
solid and filtered through the filter paper. As shown in
Fig. 4, after the addition of Al 3+, the color of the
PEGDMA/RB-AC was turned from colorless to pink and
it showed yellow emission under illumination of UV light,
which is sensible via naked eye. The reversibility of
PEGDMA/RB-AC was checked by the addition of 1 mL
of 10 μM of EDTA extraction. Upon addition of EDTA in
to Al 3+ bounded PEGDMA/RB-AC, the color of the particle was turned from pink to color less and the yellow fluorescent emission was also turned off ( Fig. 4 ). Further,
the selectivity of PEGDMA/RB-AC particles towards
Al 3+ in the presence of 10 μM of other competitive metal
ions was checked. As depicted in Fig. 5, Al 3+ only
changes the color of PEGDMA/RB-AC particles from
color less to pink in visible light and yellow fluorescence
under UV light whereas other competitive metal ions did
not showed any changes. This indicates that the

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

Fig. 5 Photographs of PEGDMA/RB-AC in the presence of 10 μM of various metal ions detected by naked eye

(top) and by UV-lamp (bottom).

PEGDMA/RB-AC particles show the fluorescence turn on
by sensing of Al 3+ with good selectivity and reversibility.

3.4. Depicting the sensing property of PEGDMA/
RB-AC by confocal laser scanning microscopy
(CLSM)

Consequently, it was of great interest to investigate the
sensory property by CLSM (Tao et al., 2011). The 1 mL of
1 × 10 –6 M Al 3+ (ethanol/DMF (9:1)) was dropped on the
surface of a dry PEGDMA/RB-AC particles and allowed
to stand for 1 min, resulting in the immediate adsorption
of the Al 3+ by particles, after drying the particles in an
oven at 150 °C, the CLSM was performed. As shown in
Fig. 6A, PEGDMA/RB-AC particles did not show any
fluorescence under the selective excitation whereas after
the dropping of Al 3+ (1 mL) in to the PEGDMA/RB-AC
particles, a significant increase in the fluorescence was
observed from the selective excitation area ( Fig. 6B ).

3.5. Al 3+ binding on PEGDMA/RB-AC by SEM
analysis

The CLSM results confirmed that the sensing property
of PEGDMA/RB-AC towards Al 3+, to get further insight,
SEM analysis was carried out. Fig. 7 showed the SEM
images of prepared PEGDMA polymer encapsulated
RB-AC in the absence and presence of Al 3+ . The morphology of prepared PEGDMA/RB-AC particles is
spherical in shape, and was arranged in an orderly

three-dimensional shape and the particle size distribution
is given in Fig. S8 . There is only a little bonding between
the particles ( Fig. 7A ). While in the presence of
1 × 10 –5 M of Al 3+, the PEGDMA/RB-AC particles were
aggregated together ( Fig. 7B ). The difference in the surface morphology of these samples may be due to the formation of complex between RB-AC and Al 3+ followed by
ring opening. Energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays
(EDAX) was used to analyze the elemental constituents
of prepared PEGDMA/RB-AC particles in the presence
of Al 3+ . Fig. 8 illustrates the EDAX spectra of PEGDMA/
RB-AC particles after the sensing of Al 3+ . The presence
of aluminum in elemental analysis confirmed that the
Al 3+ has been entrapped into PEGDMA/RB-AC by formation of complex with RB-AC.

3.6. Mechanism for the sensing of Al 3+ by
PEGDMA/RB-AC

Since the sensing part of PEGDMA/RB-AC is RB-AC,
to investigate the recognition of PEGDMA/RB-AC
towards Al 3+, the stoichiometry and complex formation
of RB-AC to Al 3+ were studied. The stoichiometry of
RB-AC to Al 3+ was calculated by Job’s plot analysis and
the complex formation was explained by FT-IR binding
study. Total concentration of RB-AC and Al 3+ was kept
constant at 10 μM according to the continuous variations
changing the mole fraction of RB-AC from 0.1 to 0.9 ( Fig.
S9 ). The stoichiometry ratio of RB-AC with Al 3+ was
analyzed by absorbance method. The maximum of curve

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

Fig. 6 CLSM images of PEGDMA/RB-AC in absence (A) and presence (B) of Al 3+ .

lactam rings amide carbonyl at 1698 cm –1 was completely
disappeared and the imine (C = N) and pyridine (C = N)
stretching vibrations are shifted to 1643 and 1580 cm –1,
respectively. Which confirms the Al 3+ was opened the
spirolactam ring, formed the complex with oxygen and
imine and pyridine nitrogen. It has been well established
that Al 3+ forms complex with oxygen and nitrogen rich
ligands (Dhara et al., 2014; Ghosh et al., 2014). Based on
this, we have proposed the complex formation of Al 3+
with RB-AC ( Scheme 2 ).

4. Conclusion

Fig. 7 SEM images of PEGDMA/RB-AC in absence (A) and

presence (B) of Al 3+ .

was showed at 0.5 mole fraction, indicating that the formation of 1:1 complex between RB-AC and Al 3+ . Fig. 9
shows the FT-IR spectra of RB-AC before and after
binding with Al 3+ . The FT-IR spectrum of RB-AC alone
shows the peaks at 1678, 1610 and 1550 cm –1 corresponding to spirolactam amide carbonyl, imine (C = N) and
pyridine (C = N) stretching vibrations, respectively.
While the addition of 1 eq of Al 3+, the stretching frequency of these peaks was changed. Upon the addition of
1 eq Al 3+ the characteristic stretching frequency of spiro

In conclusion, we have developed a novel fluorescent
probe β-(2-pyridyl)acrolein-rhodamine B/poly(ethylene
glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA/RB-AC). The
PEGDMA/RB-AC particles showed good selectivity and
sensitivity towards Al 3+ . Fluorescence enhance mechanism is presumably due to the chelation of Al 3+ with the
oxygen atoms of the amide groups of RB-AC results in
the formation of the open-ring form, which leads to the
enhancement of fluorescence of PEGDMA/RB-AC particles. The selectivity for Al 3+ can be attributed to the rigid
hydrazone binding site as well as the affinity of the pyridine group toward Al 3+ .

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by research fund of Chungnam National University.

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

Fig. 8 EDAX spectra of PEGDMA/RB-AC in the presence of Al 3+ .

Scheme 2 Plausible binding mode of RB-AC with Al 3+ .

Fig. 9 FT-IR spectra of RB-AC before (a) and after (b) binding

with Al 3+ .

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Appendix: Supporting information

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

Fig. S1 1H NMR spectrum of RB-AC.

Fig. S2 HR-MS spectrum of RB-AC.

Fig. S3 UV-Vis spectra of 10 μM of RB-AC in ethanol/DMF

(9:1) in the presence of different concentrations of
Al 3+ . Inset: Absorbance at 560 nm as a function of the
concentration of Al 3+ .

Fig. S4 Fluorescence spectra of 10 μM of RB-AC in ethanol/

DMF (9:1) in the presence of different concentrations
of Al 3+ . Inset: Fluorescence at 580 nm as a function of
the concentration of Al 3+ .

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

Fig. S8 Size histogram of PEGDMA/RB-AC particles.

Fig. S5 Benesi-Hildebrand plot and equation for binding of

Al 3+ .

Fig. S6 Calibration plot for fluorescence intensity against con
centration of Al 3+ .

Fig. S7 Photographs of PEGDMA/RB-AC particles in ethanol/

DMF mixture (9:1) (A) absence and (B) presence of
Al 3+ .

Fig. S9 Job’s plot for RB-AC with Al 3+ ion.

Kyo-Sun Ku et al. / KONA Powder and Particle Journal No. 33 (2016) 228–238

## Author’s short biography

Kyo-Sun Ku

Kyo-Sun Ku received his B.Sc. (Advanced Organic Materials Engineering) in 2015 at
Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea, under the supervision of Prof.
Dr. Young-A Son. He is currently a master candidate in the Department of Advanced
Organic Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University. His
research interests lie in the synthesis of rhodamine, pyridine derivatives and their sensing applications towards cation and anion.

Ji-Yong Hwang

Ji-Yong Hwang is currently a master candidate in the Department of Advanced Organic
Materials and Textile System Engineering, Chungnam National University, South Korea.
His main research fields are rhodamine based fluorescent chemosensors.

Palanisamy Muthukumar

Palanisamy Muthukumar received his Ph.D. degree in chemistry under the supervision of Prof. Dr. S. Abraham John, from Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram, India. Currently, he is working as a Post-Doctoral Fellow in Prof.
Young-A. Son’s group, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea. His current interests are rhodamine based fluorescent probes design and chemical sensors for
cations and anions.

Young-A Son

Young-A Son is a professor in the Department of Advanced Organic Materials
Engineering, Chungnam National University. He received his doctoral degree in color
chemistry from the Department of Color Chemistry, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
in 2001. His current research interests include luminescent organic materials, chemosensors, thermochromic dyes, color filter, functional dye materials and biosensors.

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